I mentioned above what made HMS Dreadnought so different from previous battleships that it changed how battleships were armed and gave a name to battleships of that armament scheme. Another significant, technological, change with the Dreadnought was the switch from vertical triple expansion (reciprocating, or piston) engines to steam turbine engines. VTE battleships typically had a speed of 17-19 knots, and could not sustain their top speed for long duration without mechanical problems developing. HMS Dreadnought's speed was 21 knots, and the RN's Dreadnought-style battle cruisers were even faster (faster than the armored cruiser type ships they made obsolete).
Dreadnought's USN near-contemporary, the South Carolina class still used VTE engines, with a speed of 19 knots. The subsequent Delaware class BBs had VTE engines and 21knots. The Florida and Wyoming classes were the USN's first use of steam turbine engines, had 21 and 20.5 knot top speeds, respectively, but the USN was not satisfied with their efficiency. The USN reverted to VTE engines in the New York class, and USS Oklahoma, of the Nevada class. From the Pennsylvania class onward, USN BBs used steam turbine engines.
As mentioned above, pre-naval treaty USN BBs starting with the Nevada class changed from an incremental armor layout, in which all parts of a ship had some armor, to a layout and architecture in which vital parts of the ship - weapons, magazines, propulsion - were concentrated in an area with sufficient buoyancy and were fully armored, while other areas of the ship simply had the necessary structural steel. This gave critical areas maximum protection. These ships also had very similar armament, magazine and engineering layouts (except for USS Oklahoma, which had VTE engines, and the Colorado class, which had 16" guns), which simplified crew training, and all were designed to have the same 21 knot maximum speed (Oklahoma may have been only 20.5 knots, but...). IOW, except for the Colorado class' 16" guns, they were functionally almost identical, which is why they were called "Standards".
The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty brought building battleships and battle cruisers to an "end" (a ~15 year pause, with allowance for replacement of older ships when scrapping an older ship brought a nation to less than their allotted maximum ... it was complicated). The last classes to be built were the RN's Nelson class & HMS Hood, the USN's Colorado class, and the IJN's Nagato class, all 16"-gunned (the Nagatos were 16.1"). Remaining pre-Dreadnoughts and early Dreadnoughts and some super-Dreadnoughts were scrapped (with a few demilitarized and converted to other uses). Most battleships and battle cruisers under construction were scrapped, with some converted to aircraft carriers (e.g. USS Lexington and Saratoga and the IJN's Akagi and Kaga - all but the latter having been started as battle cruisers).
The 1930s brought an additional, London Naval Treaty, the start of building of some, already allowed, new battleships, and Japan's abrogation of the naval treaties. The RN built the 14" gunned King George V battleships, 10X 14" guns, 28.3 knots. The USN built the North Carolina class, upgunned during construction from 9X 14" to 9X 16" guns, 28 knots. The IJN built the much larger Yamato class, 18.1: guns, 27 knots. These all were basically fast enough to steam in carrier task forces (sort of), though whether their speed was chosen for this, I'm not sure. In WW2, Yamato and Musashi guzzled fuel to a degree that it sometimes limited their usage.
The USN's North Carolina (2), South Dakota (4), and Iowa (4) classes all had 16" guns, though only the Iowas had 16"/50 guns (the rest being 16"45). Where the North Carolina and South Dakota class BBs forced carriers to steam at less than full speed, so as to keep formation, the Iowas had top speeds that matched that of the carriers, and thus were the only USN fast battleships that saw service after WW2.
